What
Spiritually Happened on the Cross
Faith has always
been the way our sins have been
forgiven. In the Old Covenant Abraham was made righteous by faith. In the New
Covenant the way our sins are
forgiven, the way we are saved is through faith.
*Abram believed the Lord, and he credited it to him as
righteousness. Gen 15:6 NIV+
*Behold, his soul is puffed up, it is not
upright in him; but the righteous shall
live by his faith. Hab 2:4 ASV
*For by grace you have been saved through faith; and that not of yourselves,
it is the gift of God; Eph
2:8 NASB+
We are forgiven by
a faith which enables us to love our God above all things, and our neighbors as
ourselves. God is love, God has an unfathomable love for us, and any who will
love their God back, love Him above all things have their sins forgiven, become
children of their Heavenly Father.
*Now the purpose of the commandment
is love from a
pure heart, from a good conscience,
and from sincere faith, 1Ti 1:5 NKJV+
*For in Christ Jesus neither circumcision
nor uncircumcision has any value. The only
thing that counts is faith expressing itself through love. Gal 5:6 NIV+
Yet our Heavenly
Father also requires a means, an
act, a sacrifice, to pay for, redeem us from our sins. The means by which God originally
forgave sin was through symbolic celebrations, sacrifices, and works. Until the
Messiah, the Christ would come to save us from our sin. The Son of God became
man, became Jesus, was the Messiah, the Christ, and died for our sins. Jesus
loved us so much that He gave His life on the cross, and then endured Hell, as
the only acceptable sacrifice for our sins. The only acceptable means by which the Father would forgive
our sins, remember them no more.
*You see, at just the
right time, when we were still powerless, Christ
died for the ungodly. Very rarely will anyone die for a righteous man,
though for a good man someone might possibly dare to die. But God demonstrates
his own love for us in this: While
we were still sinners, Christ died for
us. Since we have now been justified
by his blood, how much more shall we
be saved from God's wrath through him!
Ro
5:6-9 NIV+
*Here is a trustworthy
saying that deserves full acceptance: Christ Jesus came into the world
to save sinners--of whom I am the worst. 1Ti 1:15 NIV+
Jesus was born, on
the Day of Atonement, Tishri (Sept/Oct) 10, 5BC, and would begin His ministry
30 years later. He would teach us about our great God for 3 1/2 years. Then He
gave His life on the cross for our sins, on Passover Day Nissan (March/April)
14, 29AD. Jesus physically arose from the dead on the day of Firstfruits, 3
days later on Nissan (March/April) 16, 29AD. See Daniel’s Timeline and Specifics.
The Old Covenant celebrations of the Day of Atonement, the
Passover/Feast of Unleavened Bread, and Firstfruits symbolized the Father’s
plan of salvation for us. They symbolized the life, death, and resurrection of
Jesus.
*"On
exactly the tenth day of this seventh month is the day of atonement; it shall be a holy convocation for you, and you shall
humble your souls and present an offering by fire to the Lord. Lev 23:27 NASB+
*On
the fourteenth day of the first month at
twilight is the Lord's
Passover. And on the fifteenth day
of the same month is the Feast of Unleavened Bread to the Lord;
seven days you must eat unleavened bread. Lev 23:5-7 NKJV+
*Speak to the children of
The Day of
Atonement symbolized Jesus as the
scapegoat, He would have the sins of all believers placed upon Him. Jesus was
born on the holiest day of the Jewish year, the special Sabbath Day of
Atonement (See Birth of Jesus). Each year on the Day of Atonement two
goats would be offered up to forgive the sins of all believers until the
Messiah, the Christ would come. The first goat would be slaughtered, his blood
offered up as a yearly sacrifice to forgive the sins of
*Then he is to take the two goats and present them before the Lord at the entrance to the Tent of
Meeting. He is to cast lots for the two goats--one lot for the Lord and the other for the scapegoat.
Aaron shall bring the goat whose lot
falls to the Lord and sacrifice it for a sin offering. But the goat chosen by lot as the scapegoat shall be presented alive before the Lord
to be used for making atonement by sending
it into the desert as a scapegoat. Lev 16:7-10 NIV+
*"When Aaron has
finished making atonement for the Most Holy Place, the Tent of Meeting and the
altar, he shall bring forward the live
goat. He is to lay both hands on the head of the live goat and confess over it all the wickedness and
rebellion of the Israelites--all their
sins--and put them on the goat's
head. He shall send the goat away into the desert in the care of a man
appointed for the task. The goat
will carry on itself all their sins to a solitary place;
and the man shall release it in the desert.
Lev 16:20-22 NIV+
The Passover
symbolized Jesus as the Passover
Lamb who was sacrificed for the forgiveness of sins. The Father through Moses freed
*For I will pass through the land of Egypt
on that night, and will strike all the firstborn in the land of
Egypt, both man and beast; and
against all the gods of Egypt I will execute judgment: I am the Lord. Now the blood shall
be a sign for you on the houses where you are.
And when I see the blood, I will pass over you; and the plague
shall not be on you to destroy you when I strike the
*knowing that you were not redeemed with corruptible things, like
silver or gold, from your aimless conduct received by tradition
from your fathers, but with the precious blood of
Christ, as of a lamb without blemish and
without spot. 1Pe 1:18-19 NKJV+
On Passover day in
the afternoon the Passover lambs were sacrificed at the temple in front of the
priests. Their blood was sprinkled on the
*Then they took up their regular positions as prescribed
in the Law of Moses the man of God.
The priests sprinkled
the blood handed
to them by the Levites. 2Chr
30:16 NIV+
*They slaughtered the Passover animals, and while the priests sprinkled the blood received from their hand, the Levites
skinned them. 2Chr 35:11 NASB+
*"You are not allowed to sacrifice
the Passover in any of your towns which the Lord your God is giving you; but at the place where
the Lord
your God chooses to establish His name, you shall sacrifice the Passover in the evening
at sunset, at the time that you came out of Egypt. Dt 16:5-6 NASB+
Jesus would
replace the Passover meal with His own supper, the Lord’s Supper. For Christ
was the reality, the fulfillment of the spiritual truths it represented. Jesus
offered His body in the bread for all believers to eat, spiritually uniting us
in the body of Christ, His holy church. Spiritually uniting us with all who are
one with Christ, whether they are on earth, or in Heaven above. Jesus offered
His blood in the wine for all believers to drink, for the forgiveness of our
sins in the New Covenant of grace. The Lord’s Supper unites us, forgives us,
and strengthens us in our Lord. See Lord’s Supper
*While they were eating, Jesus took some bread, and after
a blessing, He broke it and gave it to the disciples, and said, "Take, eat; this
is My body." Matt
26:26 NASB+
*And when He had taken a cup and given thanks, He gave it
to them, saying, "Drink from it, all of you; for
this is My blood of the covenant, which is poured out for many for forgiveness
of sins. Matt
26:27-28 NASB+
Our Father created
the perfect celebration and time for Jesus to give His life for our sins. It
was the Passover, also called the day of Preparation, held on a Friday. The
Passover was not a special Sabbath for on a Sabbath no human life could be
taken. On the day of the Passover Jesus would be on the cross at the same time
the lambs were being slaughtered for the daily sacrifice. He would die at the
same time the Passover lambs were being sacrificed, their blood sprinkled for
the forgiveness of sins. On Friday the eve of the regular Sabbath the daily
sacrifice was moved up to begin at 12:30 PM (See Virtualreligion.net/iho/Sabbath.html
166). The crucifixion Jesus would begin around the 3rd hour (9 AM). Then
darkness came over the land from around the 6th hour (12 PM) until
the 9th hour (3 PM) when Jesus would physically die. The darkness showing Jesus was being
sacrificed as the daily sacrifice, and then the Passover lamb sacrifice. He
would replace them forever.
*Now it was the third hour, and they crucified
Him. Mk
15:25 NKJV+
*Now when the sixth hour had come, there was darkness over the whole land until
the ninth hour. Mk 15:33 NKJV+
*And Jesus cried out with a loud voice, and breathed His last. Mk
15:37 NKJV+
Jesus had
fulfilled what He came on earth to do. He was the lamb who would take away the
sin of the world.
*The next day John saw Jesus coming toward him, and
said, "Behold! The Lamb of God
who takes away the sin of the world! Jn 1:29 NIV+
*Get rid of the old yeast that you may be a
new batch without yeast--as you really are. For Christ, our Passover lamb, has been sacrificed. 1Co 5:7 NIV+
Jesus was also the
reality, the completeness of what was symbolically represented by the Day of
Atonement, its sacrificial goat, its scapegoat. Jesus gave His life as a
sacrifice for our sins as the Passover lamb, but the Passover lamb also
symbolized the goat. For the Passover lamb could be either a male goat or
sheep.
*'Your lamb shall be an unblemished male a
year old; you may take it from the
sheep or from the goats. Ex 12:5 NASB+
*Tell the whole community of
*God
made him who had no sin to be sin for us, so that in him we might become the righteousness of
God. 2Co 5:21 NIV+
The Day of
Atonement was needed no more. Jesus died as the sacrificial goat, when He shed
His blood on the cross. His one time sacrifice forgives all believers sins,
forever.
*But only the high priest entered the inner room, and that only once a year, and never
without blood, which he offered for
himself and for the sins the people had committed in
ignorance. Heb
9:7 NIV+
*But in those sacrifices there is
a reminder of sins every year. For it is not possible that the blood of bulls and goats could take away sins.
Heb 10:3-4
NKJV+
*And
by that will, we have been made holy
through the sacrifice
of the body of Jesus Christ once for all. Heb 10:10 NIV+
Jesus completed once
and forever the scapegoat’s job of carrying all believers’ sins into a solitary
land. Jesus carried all the sins believers will ever commit into Hell.
*and the goat shall bear upon him all their iniquities unto a solitary land: Lev 16:ptn22 ASV
*and He Himself bore our sins in His body
on the cross , so that we might die
to sin and live to righteousness; for by His wounds you were healed. 1Pe 2:24 NASB+
Jesus had the sins
of the world laid upon Him, while He was on the cross. My sins, your sins, the sins
of the world killed Jesus. For Jesus could not have died if He did not carry
our sins. For sin alone causes death, and Jesus was sinless, did not inherit
*For He
made Him who knew no sin to be sin for us, that we might become the righteousness of God in Him. 2Co 5:21 NKJV+
*Therefore, just as through one man sin entered into the world, and death through sin,
and so death spread to all men, because all sinned— Ro
5:12 NASB+
*"He committed no sin, and no deceit was found in his mouth." 1Pe 2:22 NIV+
The Lord God
Almighty hates sin, and all who sin are under His curse of eternal death in
Hell. Jesus freed believers from ever being under this curse again, as He took
the curse we deserved upon Himself. Jesus was rejected by our Heavenly Father
as He was dying on the cross, descending into Hell when He died.
*Christ redeemed us from
the curse of the Law, having become a curse for us—for
it is written, "Cursed is everyone who hangs on a tree "—
Gal 3:13
NASB+
*And at the ninth hour Jesus cried out with a loud voice, saying, "Eloi, Eloi,
lama sabachthani?" which is translated, "My God, My God, why have
You forsaken Me?"
15:34 NKJV+
Jesus sacrificial
death was the only acceptable atonement for the forgiveness of our sins. There
would no longer be any need to offer up any of the sacrifices, do any of the
works of the Old Covenant. Jesus brought in the New Covenant of grace. His
sacrifice on the cross alone makes us holy. It is the only means by which our sins are forgiven.
*Therefore, when Christ
came into the world, he said: "Sacrifice
and offering you did not desire, but a body you prepared for me; with burnt offerings and sin
offerings you were not pleased.
Then I said, 'Here I am--it is
written about me in the scroll-- I have come to do your will, O God.'" Heb 10:5-7 NIV+
*Then he said, "Here I am, I have come to do your will."
He sets aside the first to establish the second.
And by that will, we have been made holy through the sacrifice of the body of Jesus Christ once for all. Heb 10:9-10 NIV+
There is some
confusion about the time Jesus crucifixion started. Mark has the crucifixion
starting at the third hour (9 AM). John has the crucifixion starting at the 6th
hour (12 PM). High probable John was referring to the Roman 6th hour
(6 AM) which was the time Jesus was before Pilate. For proceedings against
Jesus began with the High Priest at daybreak. Then the crucifixion would begin
at Mark’s time of 9AM.
*At daybreak the council of the elders of the people,
both the chief priests and teachers
of the law, met together, and Jesus
was led before them. Lk 22:66 NIV+
* It
was the day of Preparation of Passover Week, about the sixth hour. "Here
is your king," Pilate said to the Jews. Jn 19:14 NIV+
*Now it was the third hour, and they crucified
Him. Mk
15:25 NKJV+
Jesus would be on the cross 6 hours before He died, 9 AM to 3
PM. Jesus would remain on the cross after He died for about an hour. During
which time His soul would endure the wrath of Hell. Jesus had completed His
sacrifice for our sins over seven hours. And seven means perfect completion of
a work of God.
*And
Jesus cried out again with a loud
voice, and yielded up His spirit. Matt 27:50 NKJV+
*but
coming to Jesus, when they saw that He was already dead, they did not break
His legs. Jn
19:33 NASB+
Jesus Spiritually Descended into Hell and
then Spiritually Ascended into Heaven on
Passover/Preparation Day Nisan 14. All this would happen before sundown and the
special Sabbath of the Feast of Unleavened Bread began. Jesus physically died
around 3pm. Yet Jesus promised to be with the believing criminal in
*Because
You
will not abandon my soul to
Hades, Ac 2:27 NASB+
*Then he said to Jesus, "Lord, remember me when You come into Your kingdom." And Jesus said to him, "Assuredly, I
say to you, today you will be with Me in
*
Now it was the day of Preparation, and the next day was to be a special Sabbath. Because the Jews did not want the bodies left
on the crosses during the Sabbath, they
asked Pilate to have the legs broken and the bodies
taken down.
Jn 19:31 NIV+
Jesus physically died
(body + mind), but spiritually (soul + spirit) He was the Son of God. He has
always been, will always be (See God Becomes Man). Christ’s soul and spirit carried sin, our
sins, descended into the deepest part of Hell, into the Abyss.
*God made him who had no sin
to be sin for us, so that in him we might become the righteousness of
God. 2Co 5:21 NIV+
*so Christ also, having been offered once to bear the sins of many,
will appear a second time for salvation without reference to sin, to those who eagerly await Him. Heb 9:28 NASB+
*or, Who shall descend into the abyss? (That is, to bring Christ up from the dead.) Ro 10:7 ASV
The Passover lamb had to be roasted over flames,
signifying Jesus would have to endure the flames of the Abyss. The flames Jesus
told us the rich man had to endure.
*Do not eat it raw, nor
boiled at all with water, but roasted in
fire--its head with its legs and its entrails. Ex 12:9 NKJV+
*And he cried and said,
Father Abraham, have mercy on me, and send Lazarus, that he may dip the tip of
his finger in water, and cool my tongue; for I am tormented in this flame. Lk 16:24 KJV
Jesus spiritual
suffering was the greatest pain He had to endure, for He carried our sins into
Hell. Jesus went spiritually into the Abyss, where demons are locked up,
preventing them from getting away, where they receive the severest punishment.
Jesus would remain here until His sacrifice was accepted by the Father.
*And about the ninth hour Jesus cried with
a loud voice, saying, Eli, Eli, lama sabachthani? that is to say, My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me? Matt 27:46 KJV
*For if God spared not angels when they sinned, but cast them down to hell, and committed them to pits
of darkness, to be reserved unto judgment; 2Pe 2:4 ASV
*Yet it was the Lord's will to crush him and cause him to suffer, and though the Lord makes his life a guilt offering, he will see his offspring and prolong
his days, and the will of the Lord
will prosper in his hand. [He will see the results of the suffering of his soul] and be satisfied; by [knowledge of him] my righteous servant will justify many, and he will bear
their iniquities. Is
53:10-11 NIV+ [NIV footnotes]
Jesus was glorified
by the Father after His atoning sacrifice for the sins of all believers had
been accepted. For His Father had promised to glorify Him immediately after He
had conquered sin through His sacrifice on the cross.
*So, when he had gone out, Jesus said, "Now
the Son of Man is glorified, and God is glorified in Him.
If God is glorified in Him, God will also glorify Him in Himself, and glorify Him immediately. Jn 13:31-32 NKJV+
*But
Jesus answered them, saying, "The hour
has come that the Son of Man should
be glorified. Most assuredly, I say
to you, unless a grain of wheat falls into the ground
and dies, it remains alone; but if it
dies, it produces much grain. Jn 12:23-24 NKJV+
Jesus would then announce His victory to all the demons present in
the Abyss, Hell. This place of torment is where the beast, the antichrist will
come out from and rule over the earth for 1260 days, until Jesus returns and
destroys him.
*For Christ died for
sins once for all, the righteous for the unrighteous, to bring you to God. He was put to death in the body [alive in the spirit], [through which] also he went and preached to the spirits in prison 1Pe 3:18-19 NIV+
*And
when they shall have finished their testimony, the beast that cometh up out of the abyss shall make war with them, and overcome them, and kill them. Rev 11:7 ASV
Jesus was the
first in every part of the Father’s plan of salvation. This included being the
first to physically die and spiritually (soul and spirit) come into the
*He is before all things, and in Him all things hold together. He
is also head of the body, the church; and He is the beginning, the firstborn from the dead, so that He Himself will come to have first place in everything.
*he, foreseeing this,
spoke concerning the resurrection of the Christ, that His soul was not left in
Hades, nor did His flesh see corruption. Ac 2:31 NKJV+
Jesus would draw
all believers, spiritually and physically, to Him after His victory on the
cross. Our Savior gave His blood, His life, and His soul for our salvation. Our
Heavenly Father’s plan of salvation has always required the shedding of blood
to forgive our sins.
*But I,
when I am lifted up from the earth, will draw all men to
myself." He said this to show the kind of death he was going to die. Jn
12:32-33 NIV+
*And according to the Law , one may almost say, all things are cleansed with
blood, and without shedding of blood
there is no forgiveness. Heb 9:22 NASB+
*knowing
that you were not redeemed with corruptible
things, like silver or
gold, from your aimless conduct received
by tradition from your fathers, but with
the precious blood of Christ, as of
a lamb without blemish and without
spot. 1Pe
1:18-19 NKJV+
Jesus spiritually ascended to Heaven leading all the spirits and
souls of the captive believers who had died behind Him. Those who were
righteous under the Old Covenant, and resting in Abraham’s Bosom. Those who
were waiting for the Messiah, Jesus, to come, atone for their sins, so they
could come into the
*But to each one of us grace has been given as Christ
apportioned it. This is why it says: "When he ascended on high, he led captives
in his train and gave gifts to men."
(What does "he ascended"
mean except that he also descended to
the lower, earthly regions? He who descended is the very one who ascended higher than all the heavens,
in order to fill the whole universe.)
Eph 4:7-10
NIV+
*For
this reason He is the mediator of a new covenant, so that, since a death
has taken place for the redemption
of the transgressions that were committed
under the first covenant, those
who have been called may receive the promise of the eternal
inheritance. Heb
9:15 NASB+
*For I am not ashamed of the gospel of
Christ, for it is the power of God to salvation for everyone who believes, for the Jew first and also for the
Greek. Ro
1:16 NKJV+
The thief on the
cross who believed in Jesus would also be spiritually taken to Heaven to be
with Jesus this day. Jesus had now provided the means for our sins to be forgiven, His blood makes us holy. From
this day forward the Spirit could dwell within believers’ hearts. Spiritually
bring us into the
*And
He said to him, "Truly I say to
you, today you shall be with Me in
*And
so Jesus also suffered outside the city gate to make the people holy through his own blood. Heb 13:12 NIV+
Jesus proved He was God, yet still man, when His human body was
brought back to life on the third day.
* He is not here, but is risen!
Remember how he told you, while he was
still with you in
* whom God raised up, having loosed the pains of death,
because it was not possible that He should be held by it.
Ac 2:24 NKJV+
Jesus physically
arose from the dead on Sunday
morning, Nissan 16. The Spirit gave
physical life to our Savior by bringing His physical body from the grave, and
reuniting it with His soul and spirit from Heaven, giving His physical body
eternal life.
*But if the Spirit of Him who raised
Jesus from the dead dwells in you, He who raised Christ from the dead will also give life to your mortal bodies through His
Spirit who dwells in you. Ro 8:11 NKJV+
*knowing that Christ, having been raised from the dead, is never to die again;
death no longer is master over Him. For the death
that He died, He died to sin once for all; but the life that He lives, He lives to God. Ro 6:9-10 NASB
On the day of
Firstfruits, on Sunday, the first day after the Sabbath, the Spirit presented
Jesus as a firstfruits offering to His Heavenly Father. Jesus was the
firstfruits, the first person to physically die, and then be resurrected to
life with an eternal physical body. Likewise all believers will arise from the
dead, be given perfect eternal bodies, when Jesus returns.
*"Speak to the
children of
*But now Christ has been raised from
the dead, the first fruits of
those who are asleep. 1Co
15:20 NASB+
Since the Father
glorified Jesus for His sacrifice on the cross, our Savior could now give the
Spirit to His disciples. The Holy Spirit could now live in their hearts, give
them strength.
*But this He spoke of the Spirit,
whom those who believed in Him were to receive; for the Spirit was not yet given, because Jesus was not yet glorified. Jn 7:38-39 NASB+
*So, when he had gone out, Jesus said,
"Now the Son of Man is glorified,
and God is glorified in Him. If God is glorified in Him, God will also glorify Him in
Himself, and glorify Him immediately. Jn 13:31-33 NKJV+
Jesus gave the
great gift of the Spirit to His chosen apostles on Easter Sunday. In the
evening, the late afternoon, of the day He arose from the grave.
*Then, the same day at evening,
being the first day of the week, when
the doors were shut where the disciples were assembled, for fear of the Jews, Jesus came and stood in the midst, and
said to them, "Peace be
with you." Jn 20:19 NKJV+
*And when He had said this, He breathed on them and said to them, "Receive the Holy Spirit. Jn 20:22 NASB+
*In my former book, Theophilus, I wrote
about all that Jesus began to do and to teach until the day he was taken up to heaven, after giving instructions through the Holy Spirit to the apostles
he had chosen. Ac
1:1-2 NIV+
Jesus spent time
on earth appearing to many people, to over 500 people at once. He explained the
Scriptures, the Father’s plan of salvation, to His disciples. Opening their
mind through the Spirit to the truth.
*and that He was seen by Cephas, then by the
twelve. After that He was seen by
over five hundred brethren at once, of whom the greater part remain to the
present, but some have fallen asleep. After that He was seen by James, then by all
the apostles. 1Co 15:5-7 NKJV+
*Then He
opened their minds to understand the Scriptures, Lk 24:45 NASB+
Then forty days later Jesus would ascend into Heaven.
*to whom He also presented Himself alive after His suffering by many infallible proofs, being seen by them during forty
days and speaking of the things pertaining to the kingdom of God. Ac 1:3 NKJV+
*And after He had said these things, He was lifted up while they were
looking on, and a cloud received Him
out of their sight. And as they were gazing intently into the sky while He was going, behold, two men in white clothing
stood beside them. Ac 1:9-10 NASB+
Jesus was once
again the firstborn, the firstfruits of God’s plan of salvation. He was the
first physically born to come into the
*But each in his own turn: Christ, the firstfruits;
then, when he comes, those who belong to him. 1 Co 15:23 NIV+
*and from Jesus Christ, the faithful witness, the
firstborn from the dead, and the
ruler over the kings of the earth. To Him who
loved us and washed us from our sins
in His own blood, Rev
1:5 NKJV+
Jesus will
return for us, and unite the dead believers’ bodies with their spiritual
being from Heaven. And with all the believers still living on earth, take us up
to
*They also said,
"Men of
*And if I go and prepare a place for you, I will come again and receive you to Myself; that where I am, there you may be also.
And where I go you know, and the way you know." Jn 14:3-4 NKJV+
The true meaning
of Christ’s death and resurrection is love.
Jesus was not killed, He freely gave His life, endured Hell to save us, to give
us eternal life in
*For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that
whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting
life. For God sent not his Son
into the world to condemn the world;
but that the world through him might be saved. Jn
3:16 KJV
Birth-Death-Resurrection of
Jesus
Copyright
2010 and amended 2011 by Ron Borkey
+ NIV Scripture taken from
the HOLY BIBLE, NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION®. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 International
Bible Society. Used by permission of Zondervan. All rights reserved.
+ NASB "Scripture taken from
the NEW AMERICAN STANDARD BIBLE®, Copyright ©
1960,1962,1963,1968,1971,1972,1973,1975,1977,1995 by The Lockman Foundation.
Used by permission."
+ NKJV "Scripture
taken from the New King James Version. Copyright © 1982 by Thomas Nelson, Inc.
Used by permission. All rights reserved."